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Hepatitis A Facts
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is present in the faeces of infected persons and is most often transmitted through consumption of contaminated water or food.
Hepatitis A is a viral liver disease that can cause mild to severe illness.
The hepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through ingestion of contaminated food and water or through direct contact with an infectious person.
Almost everyone recovers fully from hepatitis A with a lifelong immunity. However, a very small proportion of people infected with hepatitis A could die from fulminant hepatitis.
The risk of hepatitis A infection is associated with a lack of safe water, and poor sanitation and hygiene (such as dirty hands).
Epidemics can be explosive and cause substantial economic loss.
A safe and effective vaccine is available to prevent hepatitis A.
Safe water supply, food safety, improved sanitation, hand washing and the hepatitis A vaccine are the most effective ways to combat the disease.
*Certain sex practices can also spread HAV. Infections are in many cases mild, with most people making a full recovery and remaining immune from further HAV infections. However, HAV infections can also be severe and life threatening. Most people in areas of the world with poor sanitation have been infected with this virus. Safe and effective vaccines are available to prevent HAV.
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is transmitted through exposure to infective blood, semen, and other body fluids.
Hepatitis B is a viral infection that attacks the liver and can cause both acute and chronic disease.
The virus is transmitted through contact with the blood or other body fluids of an infected person.
An estimated 257 million people are living with hepatitis B virus infection (defined as hepatitis B surface antigen positive).
In 2015, hepatitis B resulted in 887 000 deaths, mostly from complications (including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma).
Hepatitis B is an important occupational hazard for health workers.
It can be prevented by currently available safe and effective vaccine.
* Hepatitis B virus (HBV) can be transmitted from infected mothers to infants at the time of birth or from family member to infant in early childhood. Transmission may also occur through transfusions of HBV-contaminated blood and blood products, contaminated injections during medical procedures, and through injection drug use. HBV also poses a risk to healthcare workers who sustain accidental needle stick injuries while caring for infected-HBV patients. Safe and effective vaccines are available to prevent HBV.
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is mostly transmitted through exposure to infective blood.
Hepatitis C is a liver disease caused by the hepatitis C virus: the virus can cause both acute and chronic hepatitis, ranging in severity from a mild illness lasting a few weeks to a serious, lifelong illness.
The hepatitis C virus is a blood borne virus and the most common modes of infection are through exposure to small quantities of blood. This may happen through injection drug use, unsafe injection practices, unsafe health care, and the transfusion of unscreened blood and blood products.
Globally, an estimated 71 million people have chronic hepatitis C infection.
A significant number of those who are chronically infected will develop cirrhosis or liver cancer.
Approximately 399 000 people die each year from hepatitis C, mostly from cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.
Antiviral medicines can cure more than 95% of persons with hepatitis C infection, thereby reducing the risk of death from liver cancer and cirrhosis, but access to diagnosis and treatment is low.
There is currently no vaccine for hepatitis C; however research in this area is ongoing.
*This may happen through transfusions of HCV-contaminated blood and blood products, contaminated injections during medical procedures, and through injection drug use. Sexual transmission is also possible, but is much less common. There is no vaccine for HCV.
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Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is mostly transmitted through exposure to infective blood.
Hepatitis C is a liver disease caused by the hepatitis C virus: the virus can cause both acute and chronic hepatitis, ranging in severity from a mild illness lasting a few weeks to a serious, lifelong illness.
The hepatitis C virus is a blood borne virus and the most common modes of infection are through exposure to small quantities of blood. This may happen through injection drug use, unsafe injection practices, unsafe health care, and the transfusion of unscreened blood and blood products.
Globally, an estimated 71 million people have chronic hepatitis C infection.
A significant number of those who are chronically infected will develop cirrhosis or liver cancer.
Approximately 399 000 people die each year from hepatitis C, mostly from cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.
Antiviral medicines can cure more than 95% of persons with hepatitis C infection, thereby reducing the risk of death from liver cancer and cirrhosis, but access to diagnosis and treatment is low.
There is currently no vaccine for hepatitis C; however research in this area is ongoing.
* This may happen through transfusions of HCV-contaminated blood and blood products, contaminated injections during medical procedures, and through injection drug use. Sexual transmission is also possible, but is much less common. There is no vaccine for HCV.
Hepatitis D virus (HDV) infections occur only in those who are infected with HBV.
Hepatitis D virus (HDV) is a ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus that requires hepatitis B virus (HBV) for its replication. HDV infection occurs only simultaneously or as super-infection with HBV.
The virus is transmitted through contact with the blood or other body fluids of an infected person.
Vertical transmission from mother to child is rare.
Approximately 15 million people across the world are chronically coinfected with HDV and HBV1
Currently there is no effective antiviral treatment for hepatitis D.
Hepatitis D infection can be prevented by hepatitis B immunization.
* The dual infection of HDV and HBV can result in a more serious disease and worse outcome. Hepatitis B vaccines provide protection from HDV infection.
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is mostly transmitted through consumption of contaminated water or food.
Hepatitis E is a liver disease caused by infection with a virus known as hepatitis E virus (HEV).
Every year, there are an estimated 20 million HEV infections worldwide, leading to an estimated 3.3 million symptomatic cases of hepatitis E(1), and 56 600 hepatitis E-related deaths (2).
WHO estimates that hepatitis E caused approximately 44 000 deaths in 2015 (accounting for 3.3% of the mortality due to viral hepatitis).
The virus is transmitted via the faecal-oral route, principally via contaminated water.
Hepatitis E is found worldwide, but the prevalence is highest in East and South Asia.
A vaccine to prevent hepatitis E virus infection has been developed and is licensed in China, but is not yet available elsewhere.
* HEV is a common cause of hepatitis outbreaks in developing parts of the world and is increasingly recognized as an important cause of disease in developed countries. Safe and effective vaccines to prevent HEV infection have been developed but are not widely available.
Today, the total number of people living with chronic hepatitis (B and C) is:Globally, 350,000,000 people have chronic hepatitis B or C infection.
The long-term consequences of chronic hepatitis could be:A significant number of those who are chronically infected will develop liver cirrhosis or liver cancer and eventually, liver failure.
People who are at a higher risk of contracting or transmitting hepatitis B or C virus are:Hepatitis B, and C, is most commonly spread through unprotected sex, drug injection, and unsafe medical practices.
What percentage of people living with hepatitis KNOW they are infected?:Less than 5% of people who are infected with hepatitis virus know they are infected.
What percent of people can be cured of hepatitis C? :More than 90% of people can be cured of hepatitis C if they complete a 12-week course of treatment.
During lockdown not just adults, children also suffer. Children like to eat something tasty and interesting. Like in other parts of the world, restaurants in your place might be closed. This is the time to introduce children our traditional, homemade snacks and sweets. Soji or Samolina also known as rava contains carbohydrates, protein, folate, iron, thiamin with some amount of fiber. It fills the stomach easily, quickly. You can prepare large quantities of sweets and saltines using fine Soji and store in airtight containers. When children are bored and asks for snack you can make use of readily available sweet and saltines to satisfy child’s crave for snacks. Samolina or soji biscuit and soji burfi are very easy to prepare evening snacks.
Samolina biscuit
Ingredients:
Fine Soji (rava) – 1.5 cup
All-purpose flour – 1 cup
Butter –3/4 cup
Salt- As per taste
Baking soda – little
Ajwani – 1 tsp
Sugar – 2 tsp
Preparation:
Mix Soji and all-purpose flour by adding melted
butter and baking soda.
Add ajwani, sugar and continue mixing
Roll the mix using a roller to ½ inch thick
sheet and cut into whatever the shape you want – square, round or any artistic
shape and transfer to a baking sheet.
Turn on the oven to bake and place the baking
sheet. Let the biscuits bake for 12-16 minutes.
After baking, transfer biscuits to airtight container
or serve hot biscuits with tea.
Place another container on medium heat and melt
clarified butter. Add cashew and raisin – let cashew turn golden brown.
Now add mixed Soji, grated coconut with sugar to
clarified butter. Add cardamom powder.
Continue mixing slowly so that there should not
be any rava knots or lumps. After some time, you will notice, the mix will
start separating from the vessel.
Apply little ghee on a steel plate or baking
sheet. Spread the hot mix on the plate or baking sheet. Using a knife cut the burfi
sheet to your choice of shape – diamond, square etc.
Sprinkle pieces of pista or almond on top of the
burfi.
After cooling, transfer the rava burfi into an
airtight container.
