Nutrition: Deficiencies in key nutrients like zinc, folate, and antioxidants can reduce sperm count and quality. 

Smoking and alcohol: These increase oxidative stress and DNA fragmentation in sperm, raising the risk of birth defects and developmental problems. 

Obesity: Linked to hormonal imbalances, low testosterone, poor sperm quality, and increased inflammation—all of which may impact the baby’s health. 

Image credit: Image by Mircea Iancu from Pixabay (Free to use under Pixabay content license)