All posts by Sumana Rao

Don't worry about the people in your past; There's a reason they didn't make it to your future.
Paddy-fish culture

Traditional Cultivation of Fishes In Paddy Field Helps Farmers To Sustain

Cultivating paddy requires lot of water. In Indonesia farmers to make use of water that stands in paddy field started fish culture to get extra income and other benefits. This implementation increased production aby about 20% and helped farmers to sustain. The method of growing paddy and fish in the agriculture field is known as Rice-Fish culture. Rice-fish culture is a traditional and sustainable farming practice in which fishes are raised in flooded rice paddies. This method is prevalent in several parts of Asia, including Indonesia, where it has been practiced for centuries.

Paddy and fish culture is integration of Aquaculture and Agriculture: Rice-fish culture involves the simultaneous cultivation of rice and fish in the same field. This system takes advantage of the symbiotic relationship between the two components. It is an eco-friendly practice that enhances resource use efficiency, improves biodiversity, and boosts farmers’ incomes.

Benefits of rice-fish cultivation:

  • Increased productivity: Fish farming in rice paddies can lead to higher overall productivity, as farmers harvest both rice and fish.
  • Pest control: Fish help control pests and weeds by eating insects, larvae, and weed seeds (including algae), reducing the need for chemical pesticides and herbicides.
  • Nutrient recycling: Fish waste provides nutrients to the rice plants, improving soil fertility and reducing the need for synthetic fertilizers.
  • Income diversification: Farmers can generate additional income from selling fish, providing economic stability, and reducing the risk of crop failure.

Which types of fishes are suitable for paddy-fish culture?

Based on their ability to adopt to flooded conditions, fast growth rates, and market demand fish species will be selected. The common fish species that are used in these cultivations are: In Indonesia, common carp (Cyprinus carpio), tilapia (Oreochromis spp.), and various catfish species (Clarias spp.).

Cultivation practices:

  1. Field Preparation: Rice paddies are prepared with dikes and trenches to hold water and facilitate fish movement. Trenches or canals are often dug along the field edges for fish refuge and movement.
  2. Stocking: Fish fingerlings are introduced into the paddy fields either before or after rice transplantation. Stocking density varies depending on fish species and local conditions.
  3. Water Management: Maintaining appropriate water levels is crucial for the survival of both rice and fish. Water levels are adjusted to optimize conditions for both crops and fish.
  4. Feeding and Care: While fish feed on natural food sources in the paddies, supplemental feeding with rice bran, kitchen waste, or formulated feed can enhance growth.
  5. Harvesting: Fish are usually harvested before the rice is harvested, although in some systems, fish are harvested periodically throughout the rice-growing season.

The challenges which farmers face while cultivating paddy and fish together are:

Water management: Proper water management is critical and can be challenging, especially in regions with variable rainfall.

Predation and disease: Fish can be vulnerable to predators and diseases, which require monitoring and management.

Labor intensive work: This system can be labor-intensive, requiring more effort in terms of field preparation, water management, and fish care.

Studies in Java and Bali:

Java: In Java, rice-fish culture has been practiced for generations. Farmers typically use common carp and tilapia, which are well-suited to the local conditions.

Bali: In Bali, integrated rice-fish systems often include additional components such as ducks, which further enhance the sustainability and productivity of the system.

Government and NGO support for farmers: The governments where these traditional cultivation practices are present, help farmers with subsidies, training, and support with research findings. Some of the NGO’s also get involved to promote this traditional agricultural practice.

Training programs: Various government and non-governmental organizations offer training and support programs to promote rice-fish culture.

Research and development: Ongoing research aims to improve rice-fish culture practices, develop better fish breeds, and optimize water management techniques.

Subsidies and incentives: Some regions offer financial incentives or subsidies to farmers adopting rice-fish culture to encourage sustainable farming practices.

Future of paddy-fish culture:

Climate change adaptation: Rice-fish culture is seen as a climate-resilient practice that can help farmers adapt to changing environmental conditions.

Food security: By increasing productivity and diversifying income sources, rice-fish culture contributes to food security and rural livelihoods.

Sustainability: This integrated system promotes sustainable agriculture, reducing reliance on chemical inputs and enhancing biodiversity.

Rice-fish culture in Indonesia is a multifaceted agricultural practice that offers numerous benefits for productivity, sustainability, and rural livelihoods. By integrating rice and fish cultivation, farmers can optimize resource use, improve soil health, and create a more resilient farming system.

Reference:

Author: Sumana Rao | Posted on: May 30, 2024
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Tips to store vegetables and fruits

Tips To Store And Extend Life Of Excess Fruits And Vegetables

Sometimes we tend to buy excess quantity of fresh produce. Instead of wasting and discarding the extra produce learn how to store the veggies, greens and fruits for a longer time and use when needed. Extending the life of fruits and vegetables is a common challenge, but with the right techniques, you can keep your produce fresh for longer.

Here are traditional ways that can help you maximize the shelf life of your fruits and vegetables:

1. Proper storage

  • Refrigeration: Store fruits and vegetables in the refrigerator if they are sensitive to warmth, like berries, leafy greens, and carrots. Use crisper drawers to control humidity levels.
  • Room temperature: Some fruits, such as bananas, tomatoes, and avocados, ripen better at room temperature. Keep them on the counter until they are ripe, then refrigerate if necessary.
  • Separate storage: Store fruits and vegetables separately, as some fruits release ethylene gas which can accelerate ripening and spoilage in vegetables.

2. Use right containers

  • Airtight containers: Use airtight containers or resealable bags to reduce exposure to air, which can lead to spoilage. This is particularly useful for cut fruits and vegetables.
  • Ventilated bags: Store produce that needs airflow, like mushrooms and herbs, in ventilated bags or paper bags to prevent moisture buildup and mold.

3. Keep produce dry

  • Avoid washing until use: Do not wash fruits and vegetables until you are ready to use them. Excess moisture can promote mold and decay.
  • Dry storage: Use paper towels to line containers or bags to absorb excess moisture. For leafy greens, wrap them in a paper towel before storing in a bag.

4. Temperature control

  • Cool and dark places: Store potatoes, onions, and garlic in a cool, dark, and dry place to prevent sprouting and spoilage.
  • Avoid cold-sensitive produce: Keep cold-sensitive produce like cucumbers, peppers, and basil at room temperature to avoid damage from refrigeration.

5. Use natural preservatives and extend freshness

  • Vinegar solution: Rinse berries in a mixture of one part vinegar to three parts water before storing to kill mold spores and bacteria. Rinse again with plain water before consuming.
  • Citrus juice: Use lemon or lime juice on cut fruits like apples, avocados, and pears to prevent browning.

6. Freezing

  • Blanching: For vegetables, blanching before freezing can preserve color, flavor, and nutrients.
  • Flash freezing: Lay out cut fruits and vegetables on a baking sheet to freeze them individually before transferring them to freezer bags or containers to prevent clumping.

7. Fermentation and pickling

  • Pickling: Preserve cucumbers, beets, carrots, and other vegetables in a vinegar solution to extend their shelf life.
  • Fermentation: Make fermented foods like sauerkraut and kimchi to not only preserve vegetables but also add probiotics to your diet.

8. Herb preservation

  • Freezing herbs: Freeze herbs like basil, parsley, and cilantro in ice cube trays with water or olive oil.
  • Drying: Hang herbs upside down in a dry, warm place until fully dried. Store dried herbs in airtight containers away from light and heat.

9. Storing in jars

  • Glass jars: Store cut vegetables like celery, carrots, and bell peppers in water-filled glass jars in the refrigerator. Change the water every few days to keep them fresh.

10. Root cellaring

  • Natural cool storage: Utilize a basement, garage, or insulated container to mimic root cellar conditions for storing hardy vegetables like potatoes, carrots, and turnips through the winter.

11. Utilize ethylene absorbers

  • Commercial products: Use ethylene gas absorbers or produce storage sheets in your fridge to prolong the life of ethylene-sensitive produce.
  • DIY methods: Place a piece of activated charcoal or baking soda in the storage area to absorb ethylene and odors.

12. Prevent cross-contamination

Separate storage: Keep produce that has been cut or is highly perishable separate from whole fruits and vegetables to prevent cross-contamination and spoilage.

By implementing these techniques, you can significantly extend the life of fruits and vegetables, reduce waste, and enjoy fresh produce for longer and save money.

Image credit: https://pxhere.com/en/photo/1027435   CC0 Public Domain (uploaded -03/07/2017)

Author: Sumana Rao | Posted on: May 28, 2024
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Herpes infection

Herpes Infection Facts, Treatment And Prevention

Herpes is a viral infection caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV). It is a highly contagious infection that can be transmitted through direct contact with an infected person’s skin or bodily fluids, such as saliva, genital secretions, or lesions. The virus can be spread even if no symptoms are present, as it can shed from the skin or mucous membranes.

Once infected with herpes, the virus remains in the body for life. While some individuals may not experience any symptoms, others may have recurrent outbreaks characterized by painful sores, blisters, or ulcers in the affected area. These outbreaks may be triggered by factors such as stress, illness, fatigue, hormonal changes, or sun exposure.

There are two main types of herpes viruses:

  1. Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV-1): Typically causes oral herpes, which manifests as cold sores or fever blisters around the mouth and lips. However, HSV-1 can also cause genital herpes through oral-genital contact.
  2. Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 (HSV-2): Primarily responsible for genital herpes, which results in sores and blisters in the genital area. However, HSV-2 can also cause oral herpes through oral-genital contact.

Herpes is a chronic condition, meaning once you are infected, the virus remains in your body for life. It can remain dormant for prolonged periods and reactivate periodically, leading to outbreaks of symptoms.

While herpes itself is not usually life-threatening, it can cause discomfort and emotional distress due to symptoms like painful sores, itching, and flu-like symptoms during outbreaks. Additionally, having genital herpes may increase the risk of acquiring or transmitting other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV.

Herpes can also have implications for sexual and reproductive health. Pregnant individuals with genital herpes may transmit the virus to their newborn during childbirth, which can result in serious complications for the baby. However, with proper medical care and precautions, the risk of transmission can be significantly reduced.

Symptoms of herpes can vary depending on the individual and the type of herpes virus involved. Some of the common symptoms include:

Oral Herpes (HSV-1):

  • Cold sores or fever blisters around the mouth and lips.
  • Tingling, itching, or burning sensations before the sores appear.
  • Painful blisters or ulcers that may rupture and crust over.
  • Swollen lymph nodes in the neck.

Genital Herpes (HSV-2):

  • Painful sores, blisters, or ulcers on the genitals, buttocks, or anal area.
  • Itching, tingling, or burning sensations in the genital region.
  • Pain or discomfort during urination.
  • Flu-like symptoms, such as fever, headache, and muscle aches.

It is important to note that some individuals infected with HSV may not experience any symptoms or may have very mild symptoms that go unnoticed. However, even if no symptoms are present, the virus can still be transmitted to others.

What is the cure for herpes?

Currently, there is no known cure for herpes. Once you are infected, the virus stays in your body for life.

Promising study: Pre-clinical studies conducted at Fred Hutch Cancer Center have found that an experimental gene therapy for both types of herpes can be removed 90% or more of the viral infection and reduce spread of the virus.

According to Keith Jerome MD, PhD. Professor at Fred Hutch Cancer Center “ Herpes is very sneaky. It hides out among nerve cells and then reawakens and causes painful skin blisters”

There are treatments available to manage symptoms and reduce the frequency of herpes outbreaks.

  • Antiviral medications: These can help control outbreaks and reduce their severity. Medications like acyclovir, valacyclovir, and famciclovir are commonly prescribed.
  • Healthy lifestyle: Boosting your immune system can help keep the virus in check. Maintain a healthy diet, exercise regularly, get enough sleep, and manage stress.
  • Avoid triggers: Identify and avoid factors that trigger outbreaks, such as stress, illness, fatigue, sun exposure, and certain foods.
  • Safe sex practices: Using condoms consistently and correctly during sexual activity can reduce the risk of transmitting herpes to your partner.
  • Educate yourself and others: Understanding herpes, its transmission, and treatment options can help you manage the condition better and reduce the stigma associated with it.

How can stress influence Herpes?

Stress can play a significant role in triggering herpes outbreaks. While stress itself does not cause herpes, it can weaken the immune system, making it more difficult for the body to suppress the herpes virus. When the immune system is compromised, the virus can reactivate, leading to outbreaks of symptoms.

Several studies have found a correlation between stress and herpes outbreaks. Stressful events, such as exams, job interviews, loss of loved ones, relationship problems, or financial difficulties, have been linked to increased frequency and severity of herpes outbreaks in some individuals.

The exact mechanisms by which stress influences herpes outbreaks are not fully understood, but it is believed that stress hormones, such as cortisol, may play a role in suppressing the immune response, allowing the virus to replicate and cause symptoms.

Managing stress effectively is essential for individuals with herpes to reduce the likelihood of outbreaks and improve overall well-being. Strategies for stress management may include:

  • Healthy lifestyle: Maintain a balanced diet, exercise regularly, get enough sleep, and avoid excessive alcohol and caffeine, which can exacerbate stress.
  • Relaxation techniques: Practice relaxation techniques such as deep breathing, meditation and yoga to help reduce stress levels.
  • Social support: Seek support from friends, family members, or support groups. Talking about your feelings and concerns with others can help alleviate stress.
  • Time management: Organize your time effectively, prioritize tasks, and break them down into manageable steps to reduce feelings of overwhelm.
  • Limit stressful triggers: Identify and avoid situations or people that trigger stress whenever possible.
  • Professional help: Consider seeking professional help from a therapist or counselor if you are having difficulty managing stress on your own.

By effectively managing stress and supporting overall well-being, individuals with herpes can help reduce the frequency and severity of outbreaks and improve their quality of life. Managing herpes involves a combination of antiviral medications, lifestyle modifications, and preventive measures. It is important for individuals with herpes to work closely with healthcare providers to develop a management plan tailored to their needs. Additionally, education and open communication about herpes can help reduce stigma and improve overall well-being.

References:

Author: Sumana Rao | Posted on: May 23, 2024
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Treatments For Rheumatoid Arthritis

Treatments For Rheumatoid Arthritis

After a clear diagnosis, doctors might recommend a combination of treatments, which could  change over time based on the severity of symptoms.

Goal of all the treatment in RA is to -reduce pain, decrease inflammation, prevent, stop, or slow down joint and organ damage, to improve ability to move freely.

Early diagnosis always helps to curtail the symptoms.

Medications: Patients with RA will take medications to decrease and prevent joint damage. These medicines may include:

Antti-inflammatory medications

Corticosteroid to decrease inflammation, to give relief from pain and to for slowing down joint damage. These drugs are prescribed in low doses.

To change the progression of the condition, disease modifying antirheumatic drugs or DMARDs can be prescribed.

To interrupt immune system that is attacking joint, certain medication may be used. Janus kinas or JAK inhibitors sends message to specific cells to stop inflammation from inside the tissue.

While we cannot totally cure RA, we can take care of pain, inflammation. It is important to note that, people with RA must move, reduce weight, focus on diet, and watch how the symptoms are. A healthy lifestyle will not only help to manage the pain, also will help to develop confidence in RA patients.

Author: Sumana Rao | Posted on: May 22, 2024
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Impact of Smoking and Stress on Rheumatoid Arthritis

Impact of Smoking and Stress on Rheumatoid Arthritis

Quit Smoking today:

Smoking can make symptoms of RA worse and remission less likely. It also makes it tough to stay active – a key part of arthritis treatment. Smoking makes it hard on heart, lungs as well as on kidneys as these organs are affected by RA. If you need help in quitting smoking, there are many helps line available. Your friends and families can assist you and seek their help in this regard.

Managing Stress

Focusing on mental health is very critical of managing RA. Stress triggers the RA. The emotions you may feel because of RA – fear, anger, and frustration, along with any pain, physical limitations, and the unpredictable nature of flares – can increase your stress level. To cope with stress one can try following suggestion:

  • Regular rest periods.
  • Relaxation techniques such as deep breathing and meditation.
  • Practice yoga and tai chi
  • Take a walk in your garden or in nature
  • Spending time with pets
  • Gardening, taking care of plants,
  • Listening to music
Author: Sumana Rao | Posted on:
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Weight Reduction and Exercise Key for Rheumatoid Arthritis

Weight Reduction and Exercise Key for Rheumatoid Arthritis

Reduce extra weight:

Losing weight makes it easy for RA condition. Start with small goal and make progress on maintaining proper BMI. Fat cells release proteins that cause inflammation in joints and other parts. Burn calories as much as you can by performing tasks and exercise.  Avoid fried items and sweet that add weight to body. Consider less calorie foods and eat healthy.

Keep Moving

Exercise and being on move most time of the day helps to manage RA.  Exercise will not cause problem to joint nor increases pain. Walking is the best exercise. Contact certified instructor or a physio therapist for what type of exercise you can do for RA condition. Exercise helps in –

  • Reducing inflammation
  • Strengthens your bones
  • Is good for both heart and lungs
  • Relieves pain
  • Improves mood and sleep
  • Helps in weight loss
  • Keeps joints mobile
Author: Sumana Rao | Posted on:
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Focus on Nutrition and Joint Care For Rheumatoid Arthritis

Focus on Nutrition and Joint Care For Rheumatoid Arthritis

A well-balanced diet rich in calcium and vitamin D is important for healthy bones.  Vitamin D is important for calcium and bone health. Expose body to Sun light. Apply oil on body and sit in Sun light for an hour or so.  vitamin D supplements to achieve the recommended intake of 600 to 800 IU each day.

Consume food with good source of calcium dairy products, dark green and leafy veggies, food fortified with calcium and calcium supplements.

The Institute of Medicine recommends a daily calcium intake of 1,000 mg (milligrams) for men and women up to age 50. Women over age 50 and men over age 70 should increase their intake to 1,200 mg daily.

For joint care: Wearing splint for short time  for joints- hands, wrists, ankles, and feet- reduces pain and swelling.  Calves pain can be reduced by wearing compressors for few hours a day. Talk to your doctor or a physical or occupational therapist before wearing a splint. To protect joints, follow these tips:

  • Using self-help devices like item with large grip, zipper pullers, or wear shoe with long-handled shoehorns.
  • Using tools or devices that help with activities of daily living, such as an adaptive toothbrush or silverware.
  • Using devices to help you get on and off chairs, toilet seats, and beds. Fix handles near toilet, bed and where you commonly sit for support.
  • Choosing activities that put less stress on your joints, such as limiting the use of the stairs or taking rest periods when walking longer distances. Avoid two-wheel drive when under pain.
  • Maintaining a healthy weight will help to reduce the stress on joints
Author: Sumana Rao | Posted on:
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